HOOKE'S LAW Introduction In physics, Hooke's Law is one of the fundamental principles governing how objects deform under external forces . Named after the 17th-century British physicist Robert Hooke, this law provides a crucial understanding of the behavior of elastic materials, such as springs and rubber bands. Whether stretching a rubber band or compressing a spring, Hooke's Law helps explain what happens when forces act on these materials. What is Hooke's Law: Hooke's Law states that the force F needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance x is proportional to that distance. Mathematically, it is expressed as: F= -kx Here k represents the spring constant, which is the measure of the stiffness of the spring, and x is the displacement from the displacement position. The negative sign indicates that the force exerted by the spring is in the opposite direction of the displacement. Understanding the Spring Constant: The spring constant k is a critical co
MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE
Introduction:
A Screw gauge is an instrument that is used to measure small lengths with accuracy greater than a Vernier Caliper. It is also known as Micrometer Screw Gauge.
If it is required to take measurement precis than a Vernier Calipers then one can use Screw Gauge.
Construction:
- A simple screw gauge consists of a U-shaped metal frame with a metal stud at its one end
- A hollow cylinder (or sleeve) has a millimeter scale over it along a line called index line parallel to its axis.
- The hollow cylinder acts as a nut. It is fixed at the end of U-shaped frame opposite to the stud.
- A Thimble has a threaded spindle inside it. As the thimble completes one rotation, the spindle moves 1 mm along the index line. It is because the distance between consecutive threads on the spindle is 1 mm. This distance is called the pitch of screw on the spindle.
- The thimble has 100 divisions around its one end. It is the circular scale of the screw gauge.
Least Count Of The Screw Gauge:
The Least Count of any equipment is the smallest measurement it can measure/ take.
The Least Count of the Screw Gauge can be found by the formula given below:
Working and Zero Error of the Screw Gauge:
To find the zero error, close the gap between the spindle and the stud of the screw gauge by rotating the ratchet in the clockwise direction.
If zero of circular scale coincides with the index line, then the zero error will be zero.
Zero error will be positive if zero of circular scale is behind the index line. In this case, multiply the number of divisions of the circular scale that has not crossed the index linem with the least count of screw gauge to find zero error.
Zero error will be negative if zero of circular scale has crossed the index line. In this case, multiply the number of divisions of the circular scale that has crossed
the index line with the least count of screw gauge to find
the negative zero error
Follow the steps to take reading:
- First check for Zero Error close the Screw Gauge using Ratchet. If the zero line of the Circular Scale coincide with the zero of Main Scale then there will be no zero error.
- Now place the object between Spindle and Stud and lock it for taking reading.
- Now check the Main Scale Reading by counting the lines on the main scale.
- Now for the Circular Scale Reading check which line is coinciding with the Index line, multiply it with Least Count.
- Add both the readings i.e. Main Scale Reading and Circular Scale Reading multiplied by Least Count.
FORMULA:
Measurement= M.S Reading + (C.S Reading x L.C)
Where:
M.S = Main Scale
C.S= Circular Scale
L.C = Least Count
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